تبیین سیاست خارجی روسیه در بحران سوریه

تحولات ژئوپلیتیکی در حوزه¬های منطقه¬ای بدون توجه به رفتار استراتژیک و نقش سیاسی قدرت¬های بزرگ انجام نمی¬شود. تاریخ سیاسی خاورمیانه ازجمله سوریه نشان می¬دهد که در این حوزه جغرافیایی، حضور نیروهای نظامی و مجموعه‌های مداخله¬گر بین¬المللی وجود داشته است. بحران سوریه از بزرگ¬ترین بحران¬های ژئوپلیتیکی فعلی در جهان اسلام بوده و مداخله قدرت¬های بزرگ در منطقه خاورمیانه باعث تشدید اختلافات و منازعات شده است. مقاله حاضر از نوع پژوهش¬های توصیفی- تحلیلی است و با بهره¬گیری از مطالعات کتابخانه-ای به دنبال پاسخ به این سؤال است که سیاست خارجی روسیه در بحران سوریه چیست؟ نتایج حاصل نشان می¬دهد که موضوع سوریه و حفظ بشار اسد برای رهبران روسیه بیشتر ابزاری برای دستیابی به اهداف عمیق‌تر و عمل¬گرایانه‌تر است و این کشور در پی کسب منافع راهبردی خود اهدافی چون حفظ پایگاه‌هایی طرطوس به‌عنوان تنها پایگاه دریایی خود در مدیترانه، مبارزه با تروریسم بنیادگرا و داعش، همکاری با جهان اسلام، مقابله با تهدیدها و تحریم¬های غرب و مسئله کریمه، سیاست نگاه به شرق را در پیش‌گرفته و در محیط منطقه-ای و بین¬المللی همراه با نقش فعال¬تر در سازمان ملل به دنبال حفظ تمامیت ارضی سوریه، جلوگیری از سقوط بشار اسد و یک‌جانبه‌گرایی غرب در عرصه¬های مختلف جهانی است.

Dr. Mohammad Reza Ahmadi Yaqin

Abstract

Geopolitical developments in regional areas do not take place without considering the strategic behavior and political role of the great powers. The political history of the Middle East, including Syria, shows that in this geographical area, there has been the presence of military forces and international intervention groups. The Syrian crisis is one of the biggest current geopolitical crises in the Islamic world, and the intervention of major powers in the Middle East has intensified disputes and conflicts. The present article is a descriptive-analytical research and uses library studies to answer the question of what is Russia's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis? The results show that the issue of Syria and the preservation of Bashar al-Assad is more of a tool for Russian leaders to achieve deeper and more pragmatic goals, and that the country pursues strategic goals such as maintaining Tartus as its only naval base in the Mediterranean. The fight against fundamentalist terrorism and ISIS, cooperation with the Islamic world, countering Western threats and sanctions, and the Crimean issue, have pursued a policy of looking east and in a regional and international environment with a more active role in the United Nations. It seeks to preserve Syria's territorial integrity, prevent the fall of Bashar al-Assad, and Western unilateralism in various global arenas.

Keywords: Middle East, Syrian crisis, Russia, security

منابع

برزگر، افشین (1392)، مواضع روسیه در قبال تحولات سوریه 2011 -2013، فصلنامه آسیاي مرکزي و قفقاز، شماره 82، تابستان 1392، صص 80-53

مریدی، بهزاد؛ بخشنده، خاطره (1390)، هويت و سياست در جمهوری‌های مسلمان‌نشین روسيه: مطالعه موردي داغستان و تاتارستان، مطالعات اوراسياي مركزي، مركز مطالعات عالي بین‌المللی، دانشكده حقوق و علوم سياسي، سال 4، شماره 9، پاييز و زمستان 1390، صص 138-11

FA.ALALAMTV. (1391, نیر 13). Retrieved from دلایل حمایت روسیه از سوریه: https://fa.alalamtv.net/news/344334

Adami, ali; Akharaldin(2013); Russia " s foreign policy in response to the Syrian crisis: roots, goals and outcomes, Tehran: Quarterly of Political Sciences

Afshordi, Mohammadhossain; Madani, Seyyad Mostafa(2009); Regional power system structure in the Middle East (stressing the top countries in the region), Tehran: Human Sciences MODARES, [in Persian]

Aftekhari, Asghar(2002); Fundamental steps of thought in national security studies,Tehran: Reserch Institute of strategic studies, [in Persian]

Anderson, Ewan W.(2000); The Middle East: geography and geopolitics, London

Atai, Farhad; Shojai Mohammadkazem(2010); Russian position in the international system, Tehran: The Institute for Iran-Eurasia(IRAS)_5 NO_6, [in Persian]

Asposito, Jean and Mohamed A. Muqtadrjan (2003), "religion and policy in the Middle East," Der Middle East today: an attempt to understand, to edit Debora c. Jarner, translating Ahmed Hamid Ahmed, his compelling: The Supreme Council for Culture,;

Baylis, John and other (2004);Strategy in the contemporary word an introduction to strategic studies, Tehran:International Studies&Reserch Institute Abrar Moaser,[in Persian], DOI .355.03

Buzan, Barry (1983, 1991 & 2007); People, states and fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the post-cold war Era, London: Harvester wheatsheat publication, [in Persian]

Buzan, Barry and Gonzalez Pelaez(2009); International Security and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level, Translate by Qahremanpour, asqar,Tehran: institute of Amirkabir, [in Persian].

Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald Henry Blake(1985), The Middle East andNorth Africa: a political geography, New York;

EbnHaek, Hassan (1983); Soffeh of the Arab Island, Sanaa: Maktab Alarshad(1403)

Eghtesadonline(2017);AMERICAN-RUSSIAN MARKET TO SELL Weapons, http://www. eghtesadonline. com / 2017/02/12, 6:34; 178145

Fatthi, Mohammadjavad and others(2016); Russia and the Syrian crisis management,Tehran: First international conference of crises in the Islamic world, [in Persian]

Fars News Agency(2017); http://fna.ir/a2of7h/ (2017/12/07),

From Jeremy Page in Moscow,The rise of Russian Muslims worries Orthodox Church;http://www.islamawareness.net/Europe/Russia/rise.html, [in Persian].

Goodby, James (2003);Regional conflicts: the challenge ti US- Russian co-operation, Translate by Saeedabadi, Mohammadreza,Tehran: Reserch Institute of strategic studies, [in Persian]. dio. ‭۳۲۷/۷۳۰۴۷۰۹۰۴۹ (‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

Haggett, Peter (1996); geography: a new combination; Translation by Goodarzanejad, Shapoor, Tehran: SAMT, [in Persian].

Hamideneya, Hossein(2014); colonialism and geographic naming, Tehran: institute of Islamic culture and thought, [in Persian]

https://donya-e-eqtesad.com; 2017/01/20, Tehran:3160947, [in Persian]

https://wikipedia.org/

http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=4669.

http://www.khamenei.ir

SIPRI.org / Arms Transters Database (12 March2018). pdf

Kakai, Ahmed Yaha(1986); Middle East and international conflict, an overview of the area in the conflict, Arot;

Kemp, Geoffrey; Harkavy, Robert E(2004); Strategic geography and the changing Middle East, c1997, Translat by; Hoseini Matin, Mahdi, Tehran: riss [in Persian]

Keramatinya, Roqqayeh(2017); Leonid Jesusof in talks with IRAS, Tehran: The Institute for Iran-Eurasia(IRAS)_ 2017/10/30, [in Persian].

Koolaee, Elaheh(2009),Causes and Effects of Development of the Relations of the Russian Federation – Israeli, Tehran University, [in Persian].

Koolaee, Elaheh; Nouri Alireza (2010); Putin's pragmatism and change in the foreign policy of Russia, University of Tehran: Quarterly Review of Policy, Journal of Law and Political Science, 2, 2 228 - 209. [in Persian].

kayani, Davood(2007); Russian policy in the Middle East: axes and Motivationes, www.csr.ir/departments.aspx

Kort, Michael G.(2008); The handbook of the Middle East, Minneapolis.

Lenczowski, George(2002); The Middle East in world affairs,Translat by Jazayeri Ahmad, Tehran: Aqball Publications, [in Persian].

Mehr News Agency(2017); https://www.mehrnews.com/news, 2017/11/24;4153215.

Miller, David(1997); Nationality: Some Replies, Applied philosophy,Volume14, Issue1

Mondale, Robert(2008); National Security variable face, Tehran: Reserch Institute of strategic studies, [in Persian].

Mousavi, Rasool(2006); "Russia and the Middle East in Putin",Tehran: Quarterly Defense Strategy; number 11.

Mossalanejad, Abbas(2009); The causes of the persistence of the crisis in the Middle East region in the course of George Bush, Tehran: The Journal of Political Sciences, [in Persian].

Najafi, Mustafa; Fattemi, Sayedmehrzad(2015); The role and pattern of the great powers in the crises in the Middle East, Tehran: International Conference on the Role of the Islamic Revolution Management in the World Military Power geometry, [in Persian].

Najafi, Mustafa; Fattemi, Sayedmehrzad(2015); The role and pattern of the great powers in the crises in the Middle East, Tehran: International Conference on the Role of the Islamic Revolution Management in the World Military Power geometry, [in Persian].

Nuroozi, Mohammad Taqi(2006); Defensive - security Vocabulary (lexicon),Tehran: Management Studies and Research Center, [in Persian].

of the Ministry of Education in Iran(1987); Geography of Iran, Tehran: Ministry of Education of Publications, [in Persian].

O. Lake, David; patrick. um. Morgan(2002); Regional orders; security in a new world; Translate by Sid Jalal dehghaifiroozabadi, Tehran: Reserch Institute of strategic studies, [in Persian]

Pishgahi Fard, Z. Hosseini, S.M. & M. Farahani, 2014, Ranking the national power of Middle Eastern countries using compensatory multi-criteria decision making, Journal of Disciplinary Geography, No. 5, PP. 1-44,

Qoorbani, hamidreza(2016); - Large and big - scale terrorist groups in Syria, Tehran: Young Journalists Club (YJC), 2016/03/16 NO 5627664, [in Persian].

Rashnoo, Nabi Allah(2013); Geopolitical Approaches and Interests in the Middle East and North Africa Evolutions, Tehran: Geopolitics Quartely, Vol.9, No.1

Razaveyan, Mohammadtaghi(1979); Outline of the Middle East, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University, [in Persian]

Rezaimyrghaed, Mohssen(2005); Regional Iran, Tehran: Geographical organization force of forces, [in Persian]

Roohani, Hassan(2009); familiarity with islamic countries,Tehran: Mashar continued publication, [in Persian]

Salemi, Hossein(2009); South - West Asia as a region? analysis of the region 's capability to south - west Asia, Tehran: Iranian Association of Geopolitics 5No-15,pages, [in Persian]

Shokoohi, Saeed(2011); Russia Goals and positions towards the crisis in Libya, International Peace Studies Centre(IPSC), [in Persian]: at: http://peace-ipsc.org/fa(2011/04/13).

SIPRI.org / Arms Transters Database (12 March2018)

Yazdi, Mohammad Ahmad(2015); http://tn.ai/841921, Tehran: Tasnim News Agency; 2015/08/28, [in Persian].